A 65-year-old man presents to the office with complaints regarding his urine. He states that he has recently had bloody urine, but does not have any u

Subject
Medicine
System
Renal, Urinary Systems & Electrolytes

Kathryn

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Jul 29, 2020
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Singapore
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A 65-year-old man presents to the office with complaints regarding his urine. He states that he has recently had bloody urine, but does not have any urinary pain, hesitation, dribbling, or increased frequency. He also says he has lost 4.5 kg (10 lb) over the past 2 months. A biopsy of the patient’s bladder wall is shown in the image. Which of the following risk factors has the strongest association with this patient’s disease?
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(A) History of aniline dye exposure
(B) History of cyclophosphamide treatment
(C) History of heavy cigarette smoking
(D) History of pelvic irradiation
(E) History of schistosomiasis infection
 
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